Staghorn ferns, members of the Platycerium genus, comprise about 18 species of breathtaking epiphytic ferns. These ferns are native to Africa, Australia, and Southeast Asia. Their fronds have an uncanny resemblance to the forked antlers of male deer or elk, hence their common name, “Staghorn Fern.” The terms “staghorn fern” and “elkhorn fern” are often used interchangeably, although ferns with thinner fronds are typically referred to as elkhorn ferns.
A Popular Choice for Ornamental Gardens
Among the various species, Platycerium bifurcatum has garnered popularity as an ornamental plant due to its ease of cultivation. Originating from the rainforests of Java, New Guinea, and southeastern Australia, P. bifurcatum thrives in temperatures above 40°F. Consequently, it flourishes in gardens with mild climates (zones 9 and above) or as a houseplant that can be moved outdoors during the summer. However, caution must be exercised as this species has become invasive in Florida and Hawaii. Nevertheless, the staghorn fern adds a touch of beauty to any indoor wall or outdoor space in the Midwest. In recognition of its charm, P. bifurcatum was honored with the Royal Horticulture Society’s Award of Garden Merit in 1993.
Epiphytes: Ferns That Defy Soil
Unlike most plants, staghorn ferns do not grow in soil. Instead, they attach themselves to trees when growing in their natural habitat. When cultivated indoors, small staghorn ferns can be grown in containers with a rich and well-drained medium. However, they are typically grown mounted on wooden boards or bark slabs, wire baskets, or other supports that provide excellent drainage and convenience for plant management. Not only does this method offer better visibility of their distinctive appearance, but it also prevents damage to the soft, green fronds. Sphagnum or peat moss is often used as a growing medium for the roots to establish. The fern is then securely fastened to the support using monofilament fishing line, wire, plastic mesh, or other materials. As new fronds grow, they camouflage the fastening material, creating a seamless and captivating display.
Ideal Conditions for Staghorn Ferns
Staghorn ferns thrive in environments with good air circulation, bright indirect light, warm temperatures, moderate humidity, and consistent moisture. These ferns absorb water through both their fronds and roots, so it’s vital to soak the basal fronds and the growing medium. However, be cautious not to overwater, as staghorn ferns are susceptible to rot. If possible, use rainwater for watering. Established plants exhibit a fair amount of drought tolerance and can withstand longer periods without water. While they can tolerate direct sunlight in humid and warm conditions, more water is necessary to prevent dehydration.
Ideally, staghorn ferns prefer household temperatures above 55ºF. As houseplants, they can be moved outside during the growing season once nighttime temperatures consistently reach the 40ºFs. Gradual acclimation to higher light levels outside is recommended. In regions like Northern California, where temperatures remain mild throughout the year, these ferns can be grown outdoors all year round. Monthly fertilization during the warmer months with balanced liquid fertilizer or slow-release pellets is beneficial. Indoor cultivation may pose challenges in maintaining sufficient humidity, which may require frequent misting, especially in low-humidity environments. Bathrooms, with their periodic humidity from showers, can provide an ideal location for staghorn ferns. Although these ferns have few pests, they may occasionally become infested with scale insects or mealybugs. The tan or brown basal fronds, resembling shields, should not be removed until they naturally fall off, as they provide support and protection. Additionally, the whitish-grey, furry scales on the fertile fronds should not be wiped off, as they aid in reducing transpiration. Withered fertile fronds can be pruned off to maintain the fern’s appearance.
Platycerium bifurcatum, commonly known as the “Common” Staghorn Fern, is a remarkable plant that brings a touch of elegance to any setting. With its stunning fronds and unique growth habits, this fern is a true testament to the wonders of nature. Whether adorning a living room wall or basking in the summer sun, the staghorn fern never fails to captivate our hearts and minds.
